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Download game android gta san andreas obb. A History of the World in 6 Glasses tells the story of humanity from the Stone Age to the 21st century through the lens of beer, wine, spirits, coffee, tea, and cola. Beer was first made in the Fertile Crescent and by 3000 B.C.E. Was so important to Mesopotamia and Egypt that it was used to pay wages. We also see from the start just how broad Standage's descriptions of history are—he's not trying. https://omcvbq.weebly.com/wifi-download-slower-than-upload.html. A history of the world in six glasses.pdf.medium. A history of the world in six glasses Download Book A History Of The World In Six Glasses in PDF format. You can Read Online A History Of The World In Six Glasses here in PDF, EPUB, Mobi or Docx formats. Arma 3 download torrent black box.
History Of The World In 6 Glasses
AP World History: Summer Assignment 2015-1026 Part 1: A History of the World in 6 Glasses
Terms: 1. ertile ertile !res'ent: !res'ent: #Pg. 11$ 11$ 1%$ &'( )egion )egion that stret'hes stret'hes from modern modern day day *gy+t$ u+ to the ,editerranean 'oast to the southeast 'orner of urey and do/n to the order et/een ra and ran. 3eer /as dis'o4ered and its 'onsum+tion had e'ome so'ially and ritually im+ortant during the eolithi' +eriod from the sur+lus of grain. he ertile !res'ent is signi'ant e'ause sin'e it had the est 'limati' 'onditions from grain 'ulti4ations$ 'ulti4ations$ that /as /here farming egin$ /here the earliest 'i4ili7ation arose$ /here /riting rst emerge$ and /here eer /as most aundant. 2. !hi'ha: #Pg.1'( #Pg.1'( An n'a eer o8ered o8ered to the rising sun sun in a golden 'u+ 'u+ as an o8ering to the gods of the *arth. 3eer /as a gift from the gods or a logi'al thing to +resent as a religious o8ering so it /as used in religious 'eremonies$ agri'ultural agri'ultural fertility rites$ and funerals y Sumerians and *gy+tians. he !hi'ha /as signi'ant e'ause it ser4ed as an e9am+le of a religious 'ommon eer-drining 'ulture /hether in the Ameri'as$ Afri'a$ or *urasia. &. Storehouses: Storehouses: #Pg.22$2&$&1( #Pg.22$2&$&1( *laorated and 'ommunal 'ommunal tem+le or 7iggurats$ uilt on raised$ ste++ed +latforms /here 4aluale items /ere e+t in'luding sa'red oe'ts and stores of sur+lus food. 3a++ir or read eer /as used y ,eso+otamian re/ers re/ers to 'ontrol the taste and 'olor of the eer as for the unlea4ened read 'ould e store for years. Storehouses /ere signi'ant e'ause as it ser4ed as a /ay to store ra/ material for maing eer and as for food as ritual and religious a'ti4ity in /hi'h the gods /ere 'alled to ensure good har4est. ;. ,eso+otamia>s s large large ' ity-states="" 'ity-states="" ruled="" ruled="" y="" gilgamesh="" th="" a="" +o+ulation="" of="" around="" fty="" thousand.="" 3read="" and="" 3eer="" 'onsum+tion="" s="" one="" of="" the="" things="" that="" the="" ,eso+otamians="" elie4ed="" distinguished="" distinguished="" them="" from="" sa4ages="" and="" made="" them="" fully="" human.=""> s asso'iation /ith a settle$ orderly lifestyle 'om+ared to the ha+ha7ard e9isten'e of hunter-gatherers. 5. Sumer: #Pg.26( #Pg.26( )egion )egion in southern ,eso+otamia /here /here /riting /riting rst rst egan to emerge around &;00 3.!.*. 3eer history /as re'orded and made it seen as a hallmar of 'i4ili7ation y the ,eso+otamians +arti'ularly +arti'ularly in a +assage from the *+i' of Gilgamesh. Sumer /as signi'ant e'ause it /as the rst ,eso+otamian 'i4ili7ation and /as res+onsile for /riting system and starting the late 3ron7e Age. 6. *+i' of Gilgamesh: Gilgamesh: #Pg.26( #Pg.26( World>s World>s rst rst great literary /or /or aout Gilgamesh Gilgamesh life story /hi'h /as elaorated into a myth y the Sumerians and their regional su'essors the Aadians and 3aylonians. 3eer and read 'onsum+tion of *nidu>s or Gilgamesh friend made ,eso+otamians thin that
eer /as one of the things that distinguished distinguished them from sa4ages and made them humans. he *+i' of Gilgamesh /as signi'ant e'ause %. ?iggurat: #Pg.&1( #Pg.&1( *laorated *laorated tem+les tem+les uilt uilt on raised and and stee+ed stee+ed +latforms. +latforms. 3e'ause of the in4ention of /riting to re'ord the 'olle'tion of grain$ eer$ read$ and other goods this elaorated system ga4e the tem+le dire't 'ontrol o4er mu'h of the e'onomy. ?iggurats /ere signi'ant e'ause they /ere the ey of rising the un+redi'tale nature of the ,eso+otamian en4ironment. @. ,eso+otamian 'ity-states: ,eso+otamia had many im+ortant im+ortant and large histori'ally 'ities su'h ass 'hara'ter. 1&. )oman )oman 4illas: A )oman 'ountry house uilt for the u++er 'lass during the )oman re+uli' and the )oman *m+ire. 1;. 3attle 3attle of ours #Pg.@6-@@( 3attle in 'entral ran'e /here Ara troo+s /ar defeated y !harles ,artel. Wine 'ulture remained reasonaly inta't in !hristian *uro+e ut some drining +atterns 'hange dramati'ally /hi'h made 'aused the rise of slam$ /hi'h ,uhammad>s +ros'ri+tion of al'ohol follo/ed a ght et/een t/o of his dis'i+les. his 'aused many to an al'ohol /ines
main role in the ri4al 'reed of !hristianity also +redis+osed ,uslims against it. t /as signi'ant e'ause it /as one of the turning +oints in /orld history /hi'h mared the high-/ater mar of Aras inDuen'e in *uro+e. 15. !harles !harles ,artel #Pg.@@( ,ost !harismati' of the +rin'es of the ranish Bingdom /ho defeated the ,uslims in the 3attle of ours$ allo/ing !hristianity to sur4i4e e9'e+t of Ara. t /as signi'ant e'ause it hel+ the 'ountry from eing inDuen'e to Aras 'ulture and thining /hi'h made it /hat it is today. 16.!ordoa 16. !ordoa #Pg.'&-';( Fhe e/el of the /orld !a+ital of Ara Andalusia in /hat is no/ southern S+ain and /as one of the est 'enters of learning /ithin the Ara /orld$ ran'e$ Asia and ndia. he S'holars from their /ith other oined for'es and among their a'hie4ements they +o+ulari7ed a te'hniue that rose the ne/ rage of drins 'alled distillation. distillation. t /as signi'ant e'ause it e'ame one of the as+e'ts of the an'ient /isdom that /as +reser4ed and e9tended y Ara s'holars and translated from Arai' into Iatin hel+ed re4i4e the s+irit of learning in Western *uro+e. 1%.Aua 4itae #Pg.'@-101( Water of Iife - Aua 4itae seemed su+ernatural$ and in a sense it /as$ for distilled /ine has a far higher al'ohol 'ontent than any drin that 'an e +rodu'ed y natural fermentation. Also de'lared y Jan element ne/ly re4ealed to men ut hid from antiuity$ e'ause e'ause the human ra'e /as then too young to need this e4erage destined to re4i4e the energies of modern de're+itude.J# elie4ed it 'ould +reser4e youth im+ro4e memory treat diseases of the rain$ ner4es and oints re4i4e the heart 'alm tootha'he 'ure lindness$ s+ee'h defe'ts$ and +aralysis and e4en +rote't against the +lague( [email protected]i7y 1@. CasheeKi7y #Pg.105( Al'ohol mostly used as a gift efore eginning negotiations /ith Afri'an traders. Afri'ans in di8erent regions dran al'oholi' drins lie +lain /ine or eer ut it im+orted from *uro+e /as in the /ord of one trader. CasheeKi7y /as signi'ant e'ause drining im+orted al'ohol e'ame a mar of distin'tion among Afri'an sla4es and the ey of negotiations /ith Afri'an traders. 1'.1%%& 1'. 1%%& ,olasses A't #Pg.11%-11'( A't of 3rittan that im+osed ta9 on im+orts of molasses from non-3ritish 'olonies. What all started this /as rum e'ause it +lay a great role in relation /ith the Ameri'an )e4olution. A 'ountries argued o4er the A't +assed y 3ritain /hi'h made it diL'ult for other 'ountries nan'ially to im+ort rum. 20.Sugar 20. Sugar A't #Pg.( A't +assed y 3ritain in 1%6; /hi'h allo/ed the im+orts of other 'olonies molasses of si9 +en'e for gallon to three in order for +eo+le not to ring it illegally. Also /as related to rum after the ,olasses A't this a't /as signi'ant ust as many other a'ts /ere +assed /hi'h rought to the outrea of the )e4olutionary /ar. 21.Su slam #Pg.1&%( as /ith the legends asso'iated /ith the dis'o4ery of eer$ these tales may 'ontain a grain of truth$ for the 'ustom of drining 'o8ee seems to ha4e rst e'ome +o+ular in Memen in the mid-fteenth 'entury. While 'o8ee erries may ha4e een 'he/ed for their in4igorating e8e'ts
efore this date$ the +ra'ti'e of maing them into a drin seems to e a Memeni Memeni inno4ation$ inno4ation$ often attriuted attriuted to ,uhammad ,uhammad al-Chahani$ a s'holar and and a memer of the mysti'al Su order of slam$ /ho died around 1;%0. 22.Cut'h *ast ndia !o. #Pg.1;6-1;%( n the 16'0s 'o8ee +lantations /ere estalished y Here at 3ata4ia in Na4a$ an island 'olony in /hat is no/ ndonesia. Na4a 'o8ee later /as ale to e shi++ed dire'tly to )otterdam and it granted the Cut'h 'ontrol of the 'o8ee maret. Araian 'o8ee /as unale to 'om+ete on +ri'e e4en though 'onnoisseurs thought its Da4or /as su+erior. t /as signi'ant e'ause the Cut'h had demonstrated that 'o8ee 'an gro/ in a similar 'limate of sugar /hi'h suggested sho/ed that it 'an gro/ as /ell in the West ndies as it did in the *ast ndies 2&.Prin'i+ia #Pg.161( ,athemati'al +rin'i+les of natural +hiloso+hy. With this idea e/ton +ro4ided a ne/ foundation for the +hysi'al s'ien'es to re+la'e dis'redited theories of the Gree and for his dis'ussion he used 'o8eehouses. 2;.Wealth of ations #Pg.165( inan'ial inan'ial eui4alent to Prin'i+ia /ritten y the S'ottish e'onomist Adam smith. t des'ried and 'ham+ioned the emerging do'trine of laisse7-faire 'a+italism a'ording to /hi'h the est /ay for go4ernment to en'ourage trade /as to lea4e +eo+le to their o/n 'hoi'es. Iondon 'o8eehouses /ere a ey to the s'ienti' and nan'ial re4olution that sha+ed the modern /orld. 25.Ooltaire #Pg.16616@( Philoso+her and satirist /ho e9tended the ne/ rationalism into so'ial and +oliti'al s+heres. =8ended a nole man and /ent to +rison and then /rote a oo /as anned e'ause he 'om+ared ren'h system of go4ernment to the *nglish. He also had a fa4orite tale and 'hair at the Pro'o+e and a re+utation for drining do7ens of 'u+s of 'o8ee. n 'o8eehouses /ere lled /ith go4ernment s+ies so they had to e 'areful to tal. 26.*n'y'lo+edi'Kdia : #Pg.165--16%( 'ame to e seen as the deniti4e summary of *nlightenment thining. t +romoted a rational$ se'ular 4ie/ of the /orld founded on s'ienti' determinism$ determinism$ denoun'ed e'lesiasti'al and legal auses of +o/er$ and infuriated the religious authorities$ /ho su'essfully loied for it$ too$ to e anned. As in Iondon$ the 'o8eehouses of Paris /ere meeting +la'es for intelle'tuals and e'ame 'enters of *nlightenment thought. thought. Ciderot a'tually 'om+iled the *n'y'lo+edi' in a Paris 'o8eehouse$ the !afe de la )egen'e$ /hi'h he used as his oL'e. 2%.!hangan 2%. !hangan : #Pg.1%'( !a+ital of !hina #61@-'0% !*( modern Qian>s$ /as the greatest metro+olis on *arth and /as home to around t/o million +eo+le. t /as one of the +la'es /ere tea s+read in !hina and e'ame the national e4erage during ang Cynasty or the golden age in !hinese History. !ity /as a 'ultural magnet and /as +arti'ularly o+en to outside inDuen'ed. 2@. Iu Iu Mu #Pg.1@0-1@1( !elerated aoist Poet /hi'h made teas +o+ularity in'rease due to his oo he !lassi' of ea. He des'ried the merits of the 4arious inds of lea4es$ sort of /ater to use and numered the oiling ste+s.
ransfor ransformed med tea from a mere thirst-uen'hing thirst-uen'hing drin to a symol symol of 'ulture 'ulture and so+histi'ation. 2'. !elestial !elestial *m+ire #+g.1@;1@%( Way !hinese regarded their 'ountry as and /as assumed to e lo'ated at the 'enter of the uni4erse. o one 'ould 'om+ete /ith its 'ultural and intelle'tual a'hie4ements until later in 16&0>s tea rea'hed ran'e$ and *ngland in 1650>s .his inDuen'e other *uro+ean 'ountries to lie the tea /hi'h ultimately 3ritain /as the one to emerge as the most tea-lo4ing *uro+ean *uro+ean nation /ith momentous histori'al 'onseuen'es. &0.)i'hard Ar/right #Pg.( A 3ritish in4entor that egan the 'onstru'tion of a large uilding at !romford in Ceryshire. n 1%6% he egan de4elo+ing a s+inning frame and y 1%6@ his rst s+inning mill. ts su'ess made him a +i4otal gure in the re4olution that turned 3ritain into the /orldEs rst industriali7ed industriali7ed nation. he +o+ularity of tea also stimulated 'ommer'e y oosting the demand for 'ro'ery and ringing into eing a Dourishing ne/ industry. =/nershi+ of a ne tea ser4i'e /as of great so'ial im+ortan'e for ri'h and +oor alie. &1. ea ea A't of 1%%& #Pg.12020;( Passed y 3ritain that ga4e them 'ontrol on tea sales on the Ameri'an 'olonies and ta9es. ta9es. As said on the name tea /as the ey of this a't e'ause it /as asso'iated /ith the start of the re4olution. An im+ortant e4ent a'ording to the start /ould e the three shi+load of tea that /ere dum+ed into the 3oston Haror to +rotest to the ne/ ta9 rules. &2.Iin &2. Iin 7e-Su #Pg.210-211( !ommissioned that /as send y the !hinese em+eror to sto+ the trade of im+orts of tea and other on'e and for all ut sin'e he /as ignored he de'ided to tae a'tion. Son Iins men set re to the sto's of o+ium$ urning an entire year of su++ly. He /as treated so he arrested !hinese and 3ritish and after a 3ritish murder a !hinese and many other e4ents ha++ened /ar /as de'lared. he =+ium War #1@&'-;2(. &&.ndian ,utiny #Pg.21'( a /ides+read u+rising against 'om+any rule that /as triggered y the re4olt of the 3engal army in 1@5% /hi'h +rom+ted the 3ritish go4ernment to tae dire't 'ontrol of ndia. he rise of ndian>s tea industry ga4e a de4astating im+a't at sho/ed elo/ /hi'h des'ended into a 'haoti' +eriod of reellions and resolutions.
Reading Questions: Beer: 1. Ho/ is the the dis'o4ery of eer lined to the gro/th gro/th of the the rst 'i4ili7ationsR 'i4ili7ationsR #Pg. 10 21( =n'e eer /as dis'o4ered it e'ame so'ially and ritually im+ortant to hunter-gatherers e'ause in order to ensure the aility of grains and another resour'e so they 'hanged into farming. 3eer /as the maeu+ of the food that /as de'reasing or not a4ailale$ also /as a form of safe liuid food$ and e'ame 'entral to so'ial$ religious$ and nomadi' life and /as the sta+le
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e4erage. he drin that rst hel+ed humanity along the +ath to the modern /orld. What is the 'onne'tion 'onne'tion et/een et/een the dis'o4ery of eer and the eolithi' )e4olution #eginnings of agri'ulture(R #Pg.21( 3eer drining /ould ha4e assisted the transition to farming in a more sutle /ay. 3e'ause long-term storage of eer /as diL'ult and 'om+lete fermentation too too long most eer /ould ha4e een drun mu'h more /hile still fermenting. fermenting. Ho/ did ,eso+otamian geogra+hy sha+e its its +eo+le +eo+le 4ie/ of the godsR #Pg.1@#Pg.1@1'( o eolithi' driner>s eerEs aility to into9i'ate and indu'e a state of altered 'ons'iousness seemed magi'al. Also did the mysterious +ro'ess of fermentation$ /hi'h transformed ordinary gruel into eer. he o4ious 'on'lusion /as that eer /as a gift from the gods a'ordingly$ many 'ultures ha4e myths that e9+lain ho/ the gods in4ented eer and then sho/ed humanind ho/ to mae it. Ho/ did eer 'i4ili7e 'i4ili7e man$ a'ording a'ording to StandageR #3eginning( He thought thought that it really did 'hange the /orld$ he had the gra'e to tae oth the title and the story in a ne/ dire'tion and 'i4ili7ed man y 'hanging into the farming mode. 3eer also started a di8erent ne/ style of life to men and their en4ironment. Ho/ did the *gy+tian *gy+tian attitude attitude to/ard to/ard eer di8er from from that of ,eso+otamiaR ,eso+otamiaR #Pg.2@-2'( *gy+t 'redits eer /ith sa4ing humanind from destru'tion. )a the god of the sun +re+ared a 4ast of amount of eer so that +eo+le /ould ee+ on /orshi+ him. =n the 'ontra'ts ,eso+otamia rela9ed attitude to/ards into9i'ation ho/e4er a strong disa++ro4al of drunenness /as e9+ressed in the +ra'ti'e te9ts. Who uilt uilt the an'ient +yramids of *gy+t and ho/ /ere they +aidR +aidR What enet did the +yramids and their 'onstru'tion ring to *gy+tian so'ietyR #Pg.&6-&%( Pyramids /ere uilt y state em+loyees and army sla4es /ho /ere +aid in eer that /as a ration for a laor /as three or four loa4es of read and t/o ugs 'ontaining 'ontaining aout four four liters. he he enet of the +yramids +yramids and their their 'onstru'tion e'ause it uilt a sense of national unity$ demonstrated /ealth and +o/er of the state and +ro4ided a usti'ation for ta9ation also religious usage.
Wine: 1. Ho/ did the the de4elo+ment of large large states and and em+ires em+ires +romote +romote /ine as a drin of 'hoi'eR#Pg.;&;;( With the great feast for the +o+ulated ne/ 'a+ital
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Ashurnasinal$ the ne/ ing rought many food as /ell as /ine lie no one 'ould ha4e imagine in ,eso+otamia. his is the 'ause of a +romotion of /ine. What role role did the Gree Gree geogra+hy geogra+hy +lay in its e'onomi' de4elo+ment de4elo+ment and and tradeR#Pg.;%( 3e'ause Gree'e /as surrounded y odies of /ater it /as great for them for trading gods /ith other 'ountries. he o'ean /as a great /ay of trans+ortation that in'reased their e'onomy. Ho/ /as /ine used y Grees Grees and ho/ ho/ did it de4elo+ into a symol of of statusR #Pg.;5;6( 3e'ause it /as more e9+ensi4e to trans+ort than eer meaning only the elite 'ould a8ord to drin it and its main use /as religious its s'ar'ity and high +ri'e made it /orthy for 'onsum+tion y the gods. What /as PlatoEs 4ie/ 4ie/ of demo'ra'yR Ho/ did PlatoEs sym+osium sym+osium di8er di8er from from othersR #Pg.62( Plato elie4ed that /ine +ro4ided a good /ay to test a man>s 'hara'ter and a'ording to demo'ra'y he thought +eo+le /ere not 'a+ale enough to mae their o/n de'isions. An e9am+le /ould e Plato>s sym+osium in /hi'h he dis'usses the sue't of lo4e and drining /ine until falling aslee+. Ho/ /as /ine im+ortant im+ortant in the transmission of Gree Gree 'ulture 'ulture throughout throughout the ,editerranean ,editerranean and AsiaR #Pg.;@( n the eastern ,editerranean ,editerranean 4ines 4ines /ere 'ulti4ated and /ere introdu'ed rather than al/ays een +resent and /as a'no/ledge later on Gree myths. !om+ !om+ar are e the the )om )oman an convivium to the Gree sym+osium. #Pg.%%-%@( he 'aliration 'aliration of /ine /ith /ith status that that driners driners at a )oman )oman anuet$ or 'on4i4ium$ /ould e ser4ed di8erent /ines de+ending on their +ositions in so'iety. his /as ust one of the many /ays in /hi'h the 'on4i4ium di8ered from its Gree +rototy+e$ the sym+osion. Where the sym+osion /as$ at least in theory$ a forum in /hi'h the +arti'i+ants dran as euals from a shared rater$ +ursuing +leasure and +erha+s +hiloso+hi'al enlightenment$ the 'on4i4ium /as an o++ortunity to em+hasi7e so'ial di4isions$ not to set them aside in a tem+orary al'oholi' ha7e. !om+are the a'e+tan'e a'e+tan'e of /ine /ine in !hristianity !hristianity to the slami' 4ie/ of s+iritsR s+iritsR #Pg.@;-@@( Another fa'tor in maintaining the /ine-drining 'ulture /as its 'lose asso'iation /ith !hristianity$ !hristianity$ the rise of /hi'h during the rst millennium ele4ated /ine to a +osition of utmost symoli' signi'an'e. !hristian 'hur'hEs need for 'ommunion /ine +layed an im+ortant role in ee+ing /ine +rodu'tion going during the dar ages after the fall of )ome. With the rise of slam$ +o/er shifted a/ay from the +eo+les of the ,editerranean 'oast and to/ard the desert tries of Araia. hese tries e9+ressed their su+eriority o4er the +re4ious elites y re+la'ing re+la'ing /heeled 4ehi'les /ith 'amels$ 'hairs and tales /ith 'ushions$ and y anning the 'onsum+tion of /ine$ that most +otent symol of so+histi'ation so+histi'ation
S+irits: 1. What is is the origin of distilled distilled s+iritsR #Pg. ';$'5( ';$'5( he distilled distilled s+irits /ere originally 'reated y one of the a'hie4ements s'holars 'reated and then it /as im+ro4ed y Ara s'ientist distilled /ine and other sustan'es for use in their e9+eriments or as medi'ine. 2. *9+lain the 'onne'tion et/een s+irits$ s+irits$ sla4es$ sla4es$ and sugar sugar. #Pg.101-10;( #Pg.101-10;( he emerge of the ne/ distilled drins ha++ened ust as *uro+ean e9+lores /ere rst o+ening u+ the /orlds sea routes and this +ro'ess 'oloni7ation /as dis'o4ered .With Aras ne/ te'hnology or distilled s+irits e'ame useful e'ause it /as more 'om+a't and less liely to s+oil than other al'oholi' drins .Also many of the ne/ 'olonies gre/ 'ane sugars and /ith that it /ould also e ale to distilled it to mae al'ohol. And a'ording to sla4e Afri'an traders /ho sold sla4es /ere +aid y s+irits. &. Why did s+irits e'ome an im+ortant sta+le in 'olonial Ameri'aR #Pg.112-115( #Pg.112-115( *nglish ho+ed that /hen the Ameri'an 'olonies /ere estalished /ould e ale to su++ly ut it turn out that there /as no resour'e of al'ohol and the only thing left they had /as /ater. So e'ause the im+ort of eer of eer /as diL'ult the settlers tried to mae their o/n. After then the dis'o4ery of rum it them e'ame the fa4orite drin e'ause later e'ame 'hea+. ;. What role role did rum +lay +lay in the Ameri'an Ameri'an )e4olutionR )e4olutionR #Pg.116-11'( e/ *ngland distillers started im+orting molasses from the ren'h sin'e it had anned the manufa'ture if rum and /as at a lo/ +ri'e ut the 3ritish /eren>t ha++y. hey 'alled for go4ernment inter4ention and the ,olasses A't /as +assed or the ta9 of molasses /hi'h rought rought u+ the 'ost of rum and many /ere angry. his set an e9am+le for the reaing of 3ritish ta9 a'ts. 5. Why did /hisey /hisey su++lant rum in the the /estern /estern 'olonial regions of Ameri'aR #Pg.121( =ne reason /as that many of the settlers /ere of S'ot'h-rish origin and e9+erien'ed grain distilling. And it 'ould e made of almost any/here and did not de+end on im+orted ingredients that 'ould e ta9ed or lo'aded. 6. What /ere /ere the 'auses 'auses and and e8e'ts e8e'ts of the Whis Whisey ey )eell )eellionR ionR
!o8ee: 1. Ho/ did Aras Aras 'ome 'ome to dominate dominate the 'o8ee 'o8ee industryR industryR #Pg.1;6 #Pg.1;6(( !o8ee /as /as shi++ed$ on o'asion$ dire'tly from ,o'ha y the Cut'h. 3ut as 'o8eeEs +o+ularity gre/$ *uro+ean 'ountries egan to /orry aout their de+enden'y on this foreign +rodu't and set aout estalishing their o/n su++lies. he
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Aras understandaly understandaly did e4erything they 'ould to +rote't their 'ontrol of 'o8ee. !o8ee eans /ere treated efore eing shi++ed to ensure they /ere sterile and 'ould not e used to seed ne/ 'o8ee +lants foreigners /ere e9'luded from 'o8ee +rodu'ing areas. Why did 'o8ee 'ome to e +referr +referred ed o4er o4er al'oholi' al'oholi' e4eragesR !o8ee maes maes the driner more alert and more +rodu'ti4e. t shar+ens the mind and fo'uses the driner and al'ohol does the o++osite. Why /as it im+ortant im+ortant to *uro+eEs *uro+eEs de4elo+ment that many *uro+eans *uro+eans 'hose 'hose 'o8ee o4er al'ohol as their fa4ored e4erage of 'onsum+tionR !o8ee s+read ui'ly throughout *uro+e and it +ro4ed to e mu'h 'hea+er than the ingredients for al'ohol. Ho/ did 'o8ee +lay +lay a +i4otal +i4otal role role in the s'ienti' s'ienti' re4olutionR re4olutionR #Pg.151-165( !o8ee houses e'ame a /ay of 'ommuni'ating in an informal intelle'tual intelle'tual 'on4ersation. At 'o8ee houses s'ientists 'ould dis'uss and re'ei4ed feeda' on ideas. Ie'tures /ere also sometimes held at 'o8ee houses. Ho/ did 'o8ee 'o8ee +lay a +i4otal +i4otal role in the nan'ial nan'ial re4olu re4olution tionR R #Pg.165( #Pg.165( Starting rst /ith the sto's that /ere traded in the royal e9'hange ut the go4ernment +assed la/s +la'ing limits on the trades. Some to +rotest /ent to neary 'o8ee houses /hi'h led to the 'reation of the Iondon Sto' *9'hange. Ho/ did 'o8ee 'o8ee +lay a +i4otal role role in the *nlightenment *nlightenment and the the ren'h ren'h )e4olutionR #Pg.1%0-1%1(
!o8ee houses e'ame meeting 'enters for +eo+le to reunite. he ren'h go4ernment lo'ed the media and for'ed harsh restri'tions on the +eo+le. !o8ee houses /ere one of the fe/ +la'es /here +eo+le 'ould freely dis'uss trends and to+i's. As the nan'ial 'risis /orsened many re4olutionary s+eaers started to s+ea at 'o8ee houses to others. After a failed 'on4ention a la/yer su'essfully gathered a 'ro/d to arms$ and started the re4olution.
ea: ea: 1. Ho/ did tea tea transform transform !hinese so'ietyR #Pg.1@0-1@@( #Pg.1@0-1@@( /ith /ith the hel+ of Iu Mu Mu teas +o+ularity /as ale to e9+and and mae other 'ountries to trade /ith 'hina. t ga4e them the aility to trade ut also to transform the tea drin to a symol of 'ulture and so+histi'ation. Ied to the tradition of +resenting s+e'ial triute teas to the em+eror e4ery day. 2. What /ere /ere !hinaEs maor e9+orts during during the ang CynastyR #Pg.1%'( #Pg.1%'( !hina e9+orted sil$ tea$ +a+er$ and 'erami's in return. Amid this di4erse$ dynami'$ and 'osmo+olitan atmos+here$ !hinese s'ul+ture$ +ainting$ and +oetry Dourished. he +ros+erity of the +eriod and the surge in +o+ulation /ere hel+ed along y the /ides+read ado+tion of the 'ustom of drining tea
&. What t/o fa'tors made made tea a +o+ular +o+ular drin drin in *nglandR *nglandR ea /as mostly mostly 'onsume y im+ortant men at tea +arties and gardens. Also as a ne/ +rodu't from o4erseas rought rought my men gi4ing them the status. ;. Ho/ /as tea an integral integral +art +art of the ndustrial ndustrial )e4olutionR )e4olutionR #Pg.1'@-202( #Pg.1'@-202( ea /as the ideal drin for the fa'tory /or and it 'ontained 'a8eine$ /hi'h e+t the driner alert. Also it had antiioti' +ro+erties /hi'h redu'ed /aterorne disease and infant mortality. With the hel+ of )i'ard Ar/right for in4enting a s+inning mill and many other for tea +rodu'tions maing it easier to e9+ort. 5. What /as the 'onne'tion 'onne'tion et/een et/een tea and +oliti'sR +oliti'sR #Pg.1@%( #Pg.1@%( he 3ritish *ast ndia !om+any$ /hi'h /as a maor su++lier of tea$ used its /ealth and +o/er to loy for ne/ go4ernment +oli'y 6. What role role did the the 3ritish *ast ndia ndia !om+any +lay +lay in /orld /orld historyR historyR #Pg.1'2( When the 'om+any estalished trading +ost in !hina in the early 1@ th 'entury and egan dire't im+orts of tea and 4olumes in'reased and +ri'es fall /hi'h made tea a4ailale to a /ider +uli'. As result 'ontrol of the tea trade from other *uro+ean 'ountries /ere anned and at the end many 'ountries illegally mo4ed it in the 'ountry /hi'h turn into many /ars. At the end the Cut'h stood et/een 3ritain and too total dominan'e of the *ast ndies trade. %. Ho/ /as tea tea 'onne'ted 'onne'ted to the o+ium$ o+ium$ trade trade and the =+ium =+ium /ar of 1@&'1@&'1@;2R #Pg.211( o o +ay for the tea from !hina$ !hina$ the *ast ndia ndia !om+any gre/ gre/ o+ium in ndia ndia and sold it 'hea+er in !hina. After a !hinese attem+t to sto+ this /ar /as de'lared y the 3ritish and !hinese that at the end the =+ium War roe out.
Terms: 1. ertile ertile !res'ent: !res'ent: #Pg. 11$ 11$ 1%$ &'( )egion )egion that stret'hes stret'hes from modern modern day day *gy+t$ u+ to the ,editerranean 'oast to the southeast 'orner of urey and do/n to the order et/een ra and ran. 3eer /as dis'o4ered and its 'onsum+tion had e'ome so'ially and ritually im+ortant during the eolithi' +eriod from the sur+lus of grain. he ertile !res'ent is signi'ant e'ause sin'e it had the est 'limati' 'onditions from grain 'ulti4ations$ 'ulti4ations$ that /as /here farming egin$ /here the earliest 'i4ili7ation arose$ /here /riting rst emerge$ and /here eer /as most aundant. 2. !hi'ha: #Pg.1'( #Pg.1'( An n'a eer o8ered o8ered to the rising sun sun in a golden 'u+ 'u+ as an o8ering to the gods of the *arth. 3eer /as a gift from the gods or a logi'al thing to +resent as a religious o8ering so it /as used in religious 'eremonies$ agri'ultural agri'ultural fertility rites$ and funerals y Sumerians and *gy+tians. he !hi'ha /as signi'ant e'ause it ser4ed as an e9am+le of a religious 'ommon eer-drining 'ulture /hether in the Ameri'as$ Afri'a$ or *urasia. &. Storehouses: Storehouses: #Pg.22$2&$&1( #Pg.22$2&$&1( *laorated and 'ommunal 'ommunal tem+le or 7iggurats$ uilt on raised$ ste++ed +latforms /here 4aluale items /ere e+t in'luding sa'red oe'ts and stores of sur+lus food. 3a++ir or read eer /as used y ,eso+otamian re/ers re/ers to 'ontrol the taste and 'olor of the eer as for the unlea4ened read 'ould e store for years. Storehouses /ere signi'ant e'ause as it ser4ed as a /ay to store ra/ material for maing eer and as for food as ritual and religious a'ti4ity in /hi'h the gods /ere 'alled to ensure good har4est. ;.
eer /as one of the things that distinguished distinguished them from sa4ages and made them humans. he *+i' of Gilgamesh /as signi'ant e'ause %. ?iggurat: #Pg.&1( #Pg.&1( *laorated *laorated tem+les tem+les uilt uilt on raised and and stee+ed stee+ed +latforms. +latforms. 3e'ause of the in4ention of /riting to re'ord the 'olle'tion of grain$ eer$ read$ and other goods this elaorated system ga4e the tem+le dire't 'ontrol o4er mu'h of the e'onomy. ?iggurats /ere signi'ant e'ause they /ere the ey of rising the un+redi'tale nature of the ,eso+otamian en4ironment. @. ,eso+otamian 'ity-states: ,eso+otamia had many im+ortant im+ortant and large histori'ally 'ities su'h as
main role in the ri4al 'reed of !hristianity also +redis+osed ,uslims against it. t /as signi'ant e'ause it /as one of the turning +oints in /orld history /hi'h mared the high-/ater mar of Aras inDuen'e in *uro+e. 15. !harles !harles ,artel #Pg.@@( ,ost !harismati' of the +rin'es of the ranish Bingdom /ho defeated the ,uslims in the 3attle of ours$ allo/ing !hristianity to sur4i4e e9'e+t of Ara. t /as signi'ant e'ause it hel+ the 'ountry from eing inDuen'e to Aras 'ulture and thining /hi'h made it /hat it is today. 16.!ordoa 16. !ordoa #Pg.'&-';( Fhe e/el of the /orld !a+ital of Ara Andalusia in /hat is no/ southern S+ain and /as one of the est 'enters of learning /ithin the Ara /orld$ ran'e$ Asia and ndia. he S'holars from their /ith other oined for'es and among their a'hie4ements they +o+ulari7ed a te'hniue that rose the ne/ rage of drins 'alled distillation. distillation. t /as signi'ant e'ause it e'ame one of the as+e'ts of the an'ient /isdom that /as +reser4ed and e9tended y Ara s'holars and translated from Arai' into Iatin hel+ed re4i4e the s+irit of learning in Western *uro+e. 1%.Aua 4itae #Pg.'@-101( Water of Iife - Aua 4itae seemed su+ernatural$ and in a sense it /as$ for distilled /ine has a far higher al'ohol 'ontent than any drin that 'an e +rodu'ed y natural fermentation. Also de'lared y Jan element ne/ly re4ealed to men ut hid from antiuity$ e'ause e'ause the human ra'e /as then too young to need this e4erage destined to re4i4e the energies of modern de're+itude.J# elie4ed it 'ould +reser4e youth im+ro4e memory treat diseases of the rain$ ner4es and oints re4i4e the heart 'alm tootha'he 'ure lindness$ s+ee'h defe'ts$ and +aralysis and e4en +rote't against the +lague( [email protected]i7y 1@. CasheeKi7y #Pg.105( Al'ohol mostly used as a gift efore eginning negotiations /ith Afri'an traders. Afri'ans in di8erent regions dran al'oholi' drins lie +lain /ine or eer ut it im+orted from *uro+e /as in the /ord of one trader. CasheeKi7y /as signi'ant e'ause drining im+orted al'ohol e'ame a mar of distin'tion among Afri'an sla4es and the ey of negotiations /ith Afri'an traders. 1'.1%%& 1'. 1%%& ,olasses A't #Pg.11%-11'( A't of 3rittan that im+osed ta9 on im+orts of molasses from non-3ritish 'olonies. What all started this /as rum e'ause it +lay a great role in relation /ith the Ameri'an )e4olution. A 'ountries argued o4er the A't +assed y 3ritain /hi'h made it diL'ult for other 'ountries nan'ially to im+ort rum. 20.Sugar 20. Sugar A't #Pg.( A't +assed y 3ritain in 1%6; /hi'h allo/ed the im+orts of other 'olonies molasses of si9 +en'e for gallon to three in order for +eo+le not to ring it illegally. Also /as related to rum after the ,olasses A't this a't /as signi'ant ust as many other a'ts /ere +assed /hi'h rought to the outrea of the )e4olutionary /ar. 21.Su slam #Pg.1&%( as /ith the legends asso'iated /ith the dis'o4ery of eer$ these tales may 'ontain a grain of truth$ for the 'ustom of drining 'o8ee seems to ha4e rst e'ome +o+ular in Memen in the mid-fteenth 'entury. While 'o8ee erries may ha4e een 'he/ed for their in4igorating e8e'ts
efore this date$ the +ra'ti'e of maing them into a drin seems to e a Memeni Memeni inno4ation$ inno4ation$ often attriuted attriuted to ,uhammad ,uhammad al-Chahani$ a s'holar and and a memer of the mysti'al Su order of slam$ /ho died around 1;%0. 22.Cut'h *ast ndia !o. #Pg.1;6-1;%( n the 16'0s 'o8ee +lantations /ere estalished y Here at 3ata4ia in Na4a$ an island 'olony in /hat is no/ ndonesia. Na4a 'o8ee later /as ale to e shi++ed dire'tly to )otterdam and it granted the Cut'h 'ontrol of the 'o8ee maret. Araian 'o8ee /as unale to 'om+ete on +ri'e e4en though 'onnoisseurs thought its Da4or /as su+erior. t /as signi'ant e'ause the Cut'h had demonstrated that 'o8ee 'an gro/ in a similar 'limate of sugar /hi'h suggested sho/ed that it 'an gro/ as /ell in the West ndies as it did in the *ast ndies 2&.Prin'i+ia #Pg.161( ,athemati'al +rin'i+les of natural +hiloso+hy. With this idea e/ton +ro4ided a ne/ foundation for the +hysi'al s'ien'es to re+la'e dis'redited theories of the Gree and for his dis'ussion he used 'o8eehouses. 2;.Wealth of ations #Pg.165( inan'ial inan'ial eui4alent to Prin'i+ia /ritten y the S'ottish e'onomist Adam smith. t des'ried and 'ham+ioned the emerging do'trine of laisse7-faire 'a+italism a'ording to /hi'h the est /ay for go4ernment to en'ourage trade /as to lea4e +eo+le to their o/n 'hoi'es. Iondon 'o8eehouses /ere a ey to the s'ienti' and nan'ial re4olution that sha+ed the modern /orld. 25.Ooltaire #Pg.16616@( Philoso+her and satirist /ho e9tended the ne/ rationalism into so'ial and +oliti'al s+heres. =8ended a nole man and /ent to +rison and then /rote a oo /as anned e'ause he 'om+ared ren'h system of go4ernment to the *nglish. He also had a fa4orite tale and 'hair at the Pro'o+e and a re+utation for drining do7ens of 'u+s of 'o8ee. n 'o8eehouses /ere lled /ith go4ernment s+ies so they had to e 'areful to tal. 26.*n'y'lo+edi'Kdia : #Pg.165--16%( 'ame to e seen as the deniti4e summary of *nlightenment thining. t +romoted a rational$ se'ular 4ie/ of the /orld founded on s'ienti' determinism$ determinism$ denoun'ed e'lesiasti'al and legal auses of +o/er$ and infuriated the religious authorities$ /ho su'essfully loied for it$ too$ to e anned. As in Iondon$ the 'o8eehouses of Paris /ere meeting +la'es for intelle'tuals and e'ame 'enters of *nlightenment thought. thought. Ciderot a'tually 'om+iled the *n'y'lo+edi' in a Paris 'o8eehouse$ the !afe de la )egen'e$ /hi'h he used as his oL'e. 2%.!hangan 2%. !hangan : #Pg.1%'( !a+ital of !hina #61@-'0% !*( modern Qian>s$ /as the greatest metro+olis on *arth and /as home to around t/o million +eo+le. t /as one of the +la'es /ere tea s+read in !hina and e'ame the national e4erage during ang Cynasty or the golden age in !hinese History. !ity /as a 'ultural magnet and /as +arti'ularly o+en to outside inDuen'ed. 2@. Iu Iu Mu #Pg.1@0-1@1( !elerated aoist Poet /hi'h made teas +o+ularity in'rease due to his oo he !lassi' of ea. He des'ried the merits of the 4arious inds of lea4es$ sort of /ater to use and numered the oiling ste+s.
ransfor ransformed med tea from a mere thirst-uen'hing thirst-uen'hing drin to a symol symol of 'ulture 'ulture and so+histi'ation. 2'. !elestial !elestial *m+ire #+g.1@;1@%( Way !hinese regarded their 'ountry as and /as assumed to e lo'ated at the 'enter of the uni4erse. o one 'ould 'om+ete /ith its 'ultural and intelle'tual a'hie4ements until later in 16&0>s tea rea'hed ran'e$ and *ngland in 1650>s .his inDuen'e other *uro+ean 'ountries to lie the tea /hi'h ultimately 3ritain /as the one to emerge as the most tea-lo4ing *uro+ean *uro+ean nation /ith momentous histori'al 'onseuen'es. &0.)i'hard Ar/right #Pg.( A 3ritish in4entor that egan the 'onstru'tion of a large uilding at !romford in Ceryshire. n 1%6% he egan de4elo+ing a s+inning frame and y 1%6@ his rst s+inning mill. ts su'ess made him a +i4otal gure in the re4olution that turned 3ritain into the /orldEs rst industriali7ed industriali7ed nation. he +o+ularity of tea also stimulated 'ommer'e y oosting the demand for 'ro'ery and ringing into eing a Dourishing ne/ industry. =/nershi+ of a ne tea ser4i'e /as of great so'ial im+ortan'e for ri'h and +oor alie. &1. ea ea A't of 1%%& #Pg.12020;( Passed y 3ritain that ga4e them 'ontrol on tea sales on the Ameri'an 'olonies and ta9es. ta9es. As said on the name tea /as the ey of this a't e'ause it /as asso'iated /ith the start of the re4olution. An im+ortant e4ent a'ording to the start /ould e the three shi+load of tea that /ere dum+ed into the 3oston Haror to +rotest to the ne/ ta9 rules. &2.Iin &2. Iin 7e-Su #Pg.210-211( !ommissioned that /as send y the !hinese em+eror to sto+ the trade of im+orts of tea and other on'e and for all ut sin'e he /as ignored he de'ided to tae a'tion. Son Iins men set re to the sto's of o+ium$ urning an entire year of su++ly. He /as treated so he arrested !hinese and 3ritish and after a 3ritish murder a !hinese and many other e4ents ha++ened /ar /as de'lared. he =+ium War #1@&'-;2(. &&.ndian ,utiny #Pg.21'( a /ides+read u+rising against 'om+any rule that /as triggered y the re4olt of the 3engal army in 1@5% /hi'h +rom+ted the 3ritish go4ernment to tae dire't 'ontrol of ndia. he rise of ndian>s tea industry ga4e a de4astating im+a't at sho/ed elo/ /hi'h des'ended into a 'haoti' +eriod of reellions and resolutions.
Reading Questions: Beer: 1. Ho/ is the the dis'o4ery of eer lined to the gro/th gro/th of the the rst 'i4ili7ationsR 'i4ili7ationsR #Pg. 10 21( =n'e eer /as dis'o4ered it e'ame so'ially and ritually im+ortant to hunter-gatherers e'ause in order to ensure the aility of grains and another resour'e so they 'hanged into farming. 3eer /as the maeu+ of the food that /as de'reasing or not a4ailale$ also /as a form of safe liuid food$ and e'ame 'entral to so'ial$ religious$ and nomadi' life and /as the sta+le
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e4erage. he drin that rst hel+ed humanity along the +ath to the modern /orld. What is the 'onne'tion 'onne'tion et/een et/een the dis'o4ery of eer and the eolithi' )e4olution #eginnings of agri'ulture(R #Pg.21( 3eer drining /ould ha4e assisted the transition to farming in a more sutle /ay. 3e'ause long-term storage of eer /as diL'ult and 'om+lete fermentation too too long most eer /ould ha4e een drun mu'h more /hile still fermenting. fermenting. Ho/ did ,eso+otamian geogra+hy sha+e its its +eo+le +eo+le 4ie/ of the godsR #Pg.1@#Pg.1@1'( o eolithi' driner>s eerEs aility to into9i'ate and indu'e a state of altered 'ons'iousness seemed magi'al. Also did the mysterious +ro'ess of fermentation$ /hi'h transformed ordinary gruel into eer. he o4ious 'on'lusion /as that eer /as a gift from the gods a'ordingly$ many 'ultures ha4e myths that e9+lain ho/ the gods in4ented eer and then sho/ed humanind ho/ to mae it. Ho/ did eer 'i4ili7e 'i4ili7e man$ a'ording a'ording to StandageR #3eginning( He thought thought that it really did 'hange the /orld$ he had the gra'e to tae oth the title and the story in a ne/ dire'tion and 'i4ili7ed man y 'hanging into the farming mode. 3eer also started a di8erent ne/ style of life to men and their en4ironment. Ho/ did the *gy+tian *gy+tian attitude attitude to/ard to/ard eer di8er from from that of ,eso+otamiaR ,eso+otamiaR #Pg.2@-2'( *gy+t 'redits eer /ith sa4ing humanind from destru'tion. )a the god of the sun +re+ared a 4ast of amount of eer so that +eo+le /ould ee+ on /orshi+ him. =n the 'ontra'ts ,eso+otamia rela9ed attitude to/ards into9i'ation ho/e4er a strong disa++ro4al of drunenness /as e9+ressed in the +ra'ti'e te9ts. Who uilt uilt the an'ient +yramids of *gy+t and ho/ /ere they +aidR +aidR What enet did the +yramids and their 'onstru'tion ring to *gy+tian so'ietyR #Pg.&6-&%( Pyramids /ere uilt y state em+loyees and army sla4es /ho /ere +aid in eer that /as a ration for a laor /as three or four loa4es of read and t/o ugs 'ontaining 'ontaining aout four four liters. he he enet of the +yramids +yramids and their their 'onstru'tion e'ause it uilt a sense of national unity$ demonstrated /ealth and +o/er of the state and +ro4ided a usti'ation for ta9ation also religious usage.
Wine: 1. Ho/ did the the de4elo+ment of large large states and and em+ires em+ires +romote +romote /ine as a drin of 'hoi'eR#Pg.;&;;( With the great feast for the +o+ulated ne/ 'a+ital
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Ashurnasinal$ the ne/ ing rought many food as /ell as /ine lie no one 'ould ha4e imagine in ,eso+otamia. his is the 'ause of a +romotion of /ine. What role role did the Gree Gree geogra+hy geogra+hy +lay in its e'onomi' de4elo+ment de4elo+ment and and tradeR#Pg.;%( 3e'ause Gree'e /as surrounded y odies of /ater it /as great for them for trading gods /ith other 'ountries. he o'ean /as a great /ay of trans+ortation that in'reased their e'onomy. Ho/ /as /ine used y Grees Grees and ho/ ho/ did it de4elo+ into a symol of of statusR #Pg.;5;6( 3e'ause it /as more e9+ensi4e to trans+ort than eer meaning only the elite 'ould a8ord to drin it and its main use /as religious its s'ar'ity and high +ri'e made it /orthy for 'onsum+tion y the gods. What /as PlatoEs 4ie/ 4ie/ of demo'ra'yR Ho/ did PlatoEs sym+osium sym+osium di8er di8er from from othersR #Pg.62( Plato elie4ed that /ine +ro4ided a good /ay to test a man>s 'hara'ter and a'ording to demo'ra'y he thought +eo+le /ere not 'a+ale enough to mae their o/n de'isions. An e9am+le /ould e Plato>s sym+osium in /hi'h he dis'usses the sue't of lo4e and drining /ine until falling aslee+. Ho/ /as /ine im+ortant im+ortant in the transmission of Gree Gree 'ulture 'ulture throughout throughout the ,editerranean ,editerranean and AsiaR #Pg.;@( n the eastern ,editerranean ,editerranean 4ines 4ines /ere 'ulti4ated and /ere introdu'ed rather than al/ays een +resent and /as a'no/ledge later on Gree myths. !om+ !om+ar are e the the )om )oman an convivium to the Gree sym+osium. #Pg.%%-%@( he 'aliration 'aliration of /ine /ith /ith status that that driners driners at a )oman )oman anuet$ or 'on4i4ium$ /ould e ser4ed di8erent /ines de+ending on their +ositions in so'iety. his /as ust one of the many /ays in /hi'h the 'on4i4ium di8ered from its Gree +rototy+e$ the sym+osion. Where the sym+osion /as$ at least in theory$ a forum in /hi'h the +arti'i+ants dran as euals from a shared rater$ +ursuing +leasure and +erha+s +hiloso+hi'al enlightenment$ the 'on4i4ium /as an o++ortunity to em+hasi7e so'ial di4isions$ not to set them aside in a tem+orary al'oholi' ha7e. !om+are the a'e+tan'e a'e+tan'e of /ine /ine in !hristianity !hristianity to the slami' 4ie/ of s+iritsR s+iritsR #Pg.@;-@@( Another fa'tor in maintaining the /ine-drining 'ulture /as its 'lose asso'iation /ith !hristianity$ !hristianity$ the rise of /hi'h during the rst millennium ele4ated /ine to a +osition of utmost symoli' signi'an'e. !hristian 'hur'hEs need for 'ommunion /ine +layed an im+ortant role in ee+ing /ine +rodu'tion going during the dar ages after the fall of )ome. With the rise of slam$ +o/er shifted a/ay from the +eo+les of the ,editerranean 'oast and to/ard the desert tries of Araia. hese tries e9+ressed their su+eriority o4er the +re4ious elites y re+la'ing re+la'ing /heeled 4ehi'les /ith 'amels$ 'hairs and tales /ith 'ushions$ and y anning the 'onsum+tion of /ine$ that most +otent symol of so+histi'ation so+histi'ation
S+irits: 1. What is is the origin of distilled distilled s+iritsR #Pg. ';$'5( ';$'5( he distilled distilled s+irits /ere originally 'reated y one of the a'hie4ements s'holars 'reated and then it /as im+ro4ed y Ara s'ientist distilled /ine and other sustan'es for use in their e9+eriments or as medi'ine. 2. *9+lain the 'onne'tion et/een s+irits$ s+irits$ sla4es$ sla4es$ and sugar sugar. #Pg.101-10;( #Pg.101-10;( he emerge of the ne/ distilled drins ha++ened ust as *uro+ean e9+lores /ere rst o+ening u+ the /orlds sea routes and this +ro'ess 'oloni7ation /as dis'o4ered .With Aras ne/ te'hnology or distilled s+irits e'ame useful e'ause it /as more 'om+a't and less liely to s+oil than other al'oholi' drins .Also many of the ne/ 'olonies gre/ 'ane sugars and /ith that it /ould also e ale to distilled it to mae al'ohol. And a'ording to sla4e Afri'an traders /ho sold sla4es /ere +aid y s+irits. &. Why did s+irits e'ome an im+ortant sta+le in 'olonial Ameri'aR #Pg.112-115( #Pg.112-115( *nglish ho+ed that /hen the Ameri'an 'olonies /ere estalished /ould e ale to su++ly ut it turn out that there /as no resour'e of al'ohol and the only thing left they had /as /ater. So e'ause the im+ort of eer of eer /as diL'ult the settlers tried to mae their o/n. After then the dis'o4ery of rum it them e'ame the fa4orite drin e'ause later e'ame 'hea+. ;. What role role did rum +lay +lay in the Ameri'an Ameri'an )e4olutionR )e4olutionR #Pg.116-11'( e/ *ngland distillers started im+orting molasses from the ren'h sin'e it had anned the manufa'ture if rum and /as at a lo/ +ri'e ut the 3ritish /eren>t ha++y. hey 'alled for go4ernment inter4ention and the ,olasses A't /as +assed or the ta9 of molasses /hi'h rought rought u+ the 'ost of rum and many /ere angry. his set an e9am+le for the reaing of 3ritish ta9 a'ts. 5. Why did /hisey /hisey su++lant rum in the the /estern /estern 'olonial regions of Ameri'aR #Pg.121( =ne reason /as that many of the settlers /ere of S'ot'h-rish origin and e9+erien'ed grain distilling. And it 'ould e made of almost any/here and did not de+end on im+orted ingredients that 'ould e ta9ed or lo'aded. 6. What /ere /ere the 'auses 'auses and and e8e'ts e8e'ts of the Whis Whisey ey )eell )eellionR ionR
!o8ee: 1. Ho/ did Aras Aras 'ome 'ome to dominate dominate the 'o8ee 'o8ee industryR industryR #Pg.1;6 #Pg.1;6(( !o8ee /as /as shi++ed$ on o'asion$ dire'tly from ,o'ha y the Cut'h. 3ut as 'o8eeEs +o+ularity gre/$ *uro+ean 'ountries egan to /orry aout their de+enden'y on this foreign +rodu't and set aout estalishing their o/n su++lies. he
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Aras understandaly understandaly did e4erything they 'ould to +rote't their 'ontrol of 'o8ee. !o8ee eans /ere treated efore eing shi++ed to ensure they /ere sterile and 'ould not e used to seed ne/ 'o8ee +lants foreigners /ere e9'luded from 'o8ee +rodu'ing areas. Why did 'o8ee 'ome to e +referr +referred ed o4er o4er al'oholi' al'oholi' e4eragesR !o8ee maes maes the driner more alert and more +rodu'ti4e. t shar+ens the mind and fo'uses the driner and al'ohol does the o++osite. Why /as it im+ortant im+ortant to *uro+eEs *uro+eEs de4elo+ment that many *uro+eans *uro+eans 'hose 'hose 'o8ee o4er al'ohol as their fa4ored e4erage of 'onsum+tionR !o8ee s+read ui'ly throughout *uro+e and it +ro4ed to e mu'h 'hea+er than the ingredients for al'ohol. Ho/ did 'o8ee +lay +lay a +i4otal +i4otal role role in the s'ienti' s'ienti' re4olutionR re4olutionR #Pg.151-165( !o8ee houses e'ame a /ay of 'ommuni'ating in an informal intelle'tual intelle'tual 'on4ersation. At 'o8ee houses s'ientists 'ould dis'uss and re'ei4ed feeda' on ideas. Ie'tures /ere also sometimes held at 'o8ee houses. Ho/ did 'o8ee 'o8ee +lay a +i4otal +i4otal role in the nan'ial nan'ial re4olu re4olution tionR R #Pg.165( #Pg.165( Starting rst /ith the sto's that /ere traded in the royal e9'hange ut the go4ernment +assed la/s +la'ing limits on the trades. Some to +rotest /ent to neary 'o8ee houses /hi'h led to the 'reation of the Iondon Sto' *9'hange. Ho/ did 'o8ee 'o8ee +lay a +i4otal role role in the *nlightenment *nlightenment and the the ren'h ren'h )e4olutionR #Pg.1%0-1%1(
!o8ee houses e'ame meeting 'enters for +eo+le to reunite. he ren'h go4ernment lo'ed the media and for'ed harsh restri'tions on the +eo+le. !o8ee houses /ere one of the fe/ +la'es /here +eo+le 'ould freely dis'uss trends and to+i's. As the nan'ial 'risis /orsened many re4olutionary s+eaers started to s+ea at 'o8ee houses to others. After a failed 'on4ention a la/yer su'essfully gathered a 'ro/d to arms$ and started the re4olution.
ea: ea: 1. Ho/ did tea tea transform transform !hinese so'ietyR #Pg.1@0-1@@( #Pg.1@0-1@@( /ith /ith the hel+ of Iu Mu Mu teas +o+ularity /as ale to e9+and and mae other 'ountries to trade /ith 'hina. t ga4e them the aility to trade ut also to transform the tea drin to a symol of 'ulture and so+histi'ation. Ied to the tradition of +resenting s+e'ial triute teas to the em+eror e4ery day. 2. What /ere /ere !hinaEs maor e9+orts during during the ang CynastyR #Pg.1%'( #Pg.1%'( !hina e9+orted sil$ tea$ +a+er$ and 'erami's in return. Amid this di4erse$ dynami'$ and 'osmo+olitan atmos+here$ !hinese s'ul+ture$ +ainting$ and +oetry Dourished. he +ros+erity of the +eriod and the surge in +o+ulation /ere hel+ed along y the /ides+read ado+tion of the 'ustom of drining tea
&. What t/o fa'tors made made tea a +o+ular +o+ular drin drin in *nglandR *nglandR ea /as mostly mostly 'onsume y im+ortant men at tea +arties and gardens. Also as a ne/ +rodu't from o4erseas rought rought my men gi4ing them the status. ;. Ho/ /as tea an integral integral +art +art of the ndustrial ndustrial )e4olutionR )e4olutionR #Pg.1'@-202( #Pg.1'@-202( ea /as the ideal drin for the fa'tory /or and it 'ontained 'a8eine$ /hi'h e+t the driner alert. Also it had antiioti' +ro+erties /hi'h redu'ed /aterorne disease and infant mortality. With the hel+ of )i'ard Ar/right for in4enting a s+inning mill and many other for tea +rodu'tions maing it easier to e9+ort. 5. What /as the 'onne'tion 'onne'tion et/een et/een tea and +oliti'sR +oliti'sR #Pg.1@%( #Pg.1@%( he 3ritish *ast ndia !om+any$ /hi'h /as a maor su++lier of tea$ used its /ealth and +o/er to loy for ne/ go4ernment +oli'y 6. What role role did the the 3ritish *ast ndia ndia !om+any +lay +lay in /orld /orld historyR historyR #Pg.1'2( When the 'om+any estalished trading +ost in !hina in the early 1@ th 'entury and egan dire't im+orts of tea and 4olumes in'reased and +ri'es fall /hi'h made tea a4ailale to a /ider +uli'. As result 'ontrol of the tea trade from other *uro+ean 'ountries /ere anned and at the end many 'ountries illegally mo4ed it in the 'ountry /hi'h turn into many /ars. At the end the Cut'h stood et/een 3ritain and too total dominan'e of the *ast ndies trade. %. Ho/ /as tea tea 'onne'ted 'onne'ted to the o+ium$ o+ium$ trade trade and the =+ium =+ium /ar of 1@&'1@&'1@;2R #Pg.211( o o +ay for the tea from !hina$ !hina$ the *ast ndia ndia !om+any gre/ gre/ o+ium in ndia ndia and sold it 'hea+er in !hina. After a !hinese attem+t to sto+ this /ar /as de'lared y the 3ritish and !hinese that at the end the =+ium War roe out.